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Ciro Alegría (1909-1967) | |
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Peruvian journalist, politician and story-teller. Alegría is one of the best-known Spanish-American novelists of the 1940s and 1950s, who wrote about the lives of the Peruvian Indians. Alegría's international breakthrough novel was Broad and Alien Is the World (1941), an account of the destruction of the traditional Indian community by the expansion of the latifundia system. It has been reprinted many times. Alegría saw that the Indians are not oppressed only by covetous landowners but also by "bad government": "The authorities of this district are exploiters and are also unconditional instruments of the exploitation by the bosses. The rural districts are the small cells of our nation where the germs of evil are first incubated; I am sure that if in each of these diminutive communities we could manage to radically uproot the evil in all its extensions, we should manage to constitute a true democracy full of justice and liberty." (from Broad and Alien Is the World) Ciro Alegría was born in Sartimbanba, in the Marañón River region, as the son of mestizo and Spanish-Irish parents, José Alegría and Herminia Bazán Lynch. His grandfather Diego (James) Lynch was said to have made and lost a fortune in mines. Alegría acquired a firsthand knowledge of Indian life in his native province of Huamachuco. The deep understanding of the oppressed people became the focus of all his later literary works. Alegría's first grade teacher was the poet César Vallejo (1892-1938). He received secondary education at the National College of San Juan, in Trujillo. In the late 1920s he worked for a year as a reporter and then on construction and road-building projects. In 1930 he returned to the newspaper El Norte and attended classes at the University of Trujillo, without taking a degree. In 1930 Alegría joined the Aprista movement, overtly a party dedicated to social and economic reform and to improving the lot of the Indian majority. He was twice jailed for political activity, once in the notorious penitentiary at Lima (El Sixto). In 1934 he was exiled to Chile, where he contracted tuberculosis. Alegría wrote short stories to a Buenos Aires newspaper and expanded one of them into a novel, LE SERPIENTE DE ORO (1935, The Golden Serpent). Set among the river villagers of the Marañón, it depicted their struggle for survival. The title refers to the river, as source of death and renewal. Alegría's second novel, LOS PERROS HAMBRIENTOS (1938), was set in northern Peru and revealed the difficulties of shepherd Indians. According to Alegría, the white landowners were the cause of Peru's economic backwardness. Alegría's major work, Broad and Alien Is the World, takes nearly an anthropological approach in its depiction of an Indian tribe struggling to survive in the Peruvian highlands. Alegría painted a view of a harmonious relationship between the land and the Indians, who are threatened by an avaricious rancher. Rosendo Maqui leads the peaceful commune, but he is powerless when the rancher uses the resources of law and state organization to gain control of the communal land. Rosendo is imprisoned and he dies after being beaten by the guards. His adopted son Benito Castro continues the struggle, but his efforts fail and the Indians are killed after troops are sent against the commune. "Where shall we go? Where"" asks Benito's wife at the end of the novel. "She does not know, and Benito has already died. Nearer, ever nearer, the explosion of the Mausers continues to resound." Politically Alegría saw the situation of the Indias similar to that of proletariat. The work reflected the political programme of A.P.R.A. (Alianza popular revolucionaria americana), a left-wing nationalist party, which advocated an alliance between intellectuals and workers. Originally the story was based on a deleted episode from the novel Los perros hambrientos. Alegría's manuscript won a contest sponsored by the Pan-American Union and was published in the United States by Farrar and Rinehart, and and was also translated into many languages. From 1941 to 1948 Alegría lived in New York. He taught later at the University of Puerto Rico and wrote in Cuba of the Cuban revolution. In 1957 he returned to Peru, where he joined President Belaúnde Terry's Acción Popular party and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1963. He died suddenly at the age of fifty-seven, in Trujillo on February 17, 1967. Alegría was married three times. Alegría's widow collected and published many of the author's essays and tales that he wrote for newspapers. Alegría was among the pioneer writers who made transition from European traditions toward new confidence, first seen in the work of Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (1839-1908), the Brazilian mulatto who wrote Epitaph of a Small Winner (1880) and Don Casmurro. By the 1930s a regional literary movement wholly of its time and place began to flourish. From Venezuela emerged Rómulo Gallegos (1909-1967), who portrayed the hard life of hinterland in Doña Bárbara (1929) and Canaima (1935), from Brazil Graciliano Ramos (Barren Lives, 1938), and later João Guiarães Rosa (The Devil to Pay in the Backlands, 1956). - Enrique López Albújar's (1872-1966) Andean tales (1920) appear to have influenced Alegría's Broad and Alien is the World. For further reading: The Golden Land, ed. by H. de Onís (1948); Ciro Alegría by F. Bumpas (1962); The Modern Short Story in Peru by E.M. Aldrich Jr (1966); An Introduction to Spanish-American Literature by Jean Franco (1969); A New History of Spanish American Fiction, vol. 2 by K. Schwartz (1972); Joy in Exile by E. Early (1980); Spanish American Authors by A. Flores (1992); World Authors 1900-1950, vol. 1, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1996) Selected bibliography:
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