German poet, novelist, playwright, courtier, and natural philosopher, one of the greatest figures in Western literature. In literature Goethe gained early fame with DIE LEIDEN DES JUNGEN WERTHERS (1774,  The Sorrows of Young Werther), but his most famous work is the poetic drama in two parts, FAUST. Like the famous character of this poem, Goethe was interested in alchemy. He also made important discoveries in connection with plant and animal life, and evolved a non-Newtonian and unorthodox theory of the character of light and color, which has influenced such abstract painters as Kandinsky and Mondrian.

Noble be man,
Helpful and good!
For that alone
Sets him apart
From every other creature
On earth.
(in The Divine, 1783)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born in Frankfurt am Main, the first child of a lawyer Johann Caspar Goethe, and Katherine Elisabeth Textor, the daughter of the mayor of Frankfurt. Goethe had a comfortable childhood and he was greatly influenced by his mother, who encouraged his literary aspirations. Due to  troubles at school, he received education at home. At the age of 16, Goethe began to study law at Leipzig University (1765-68), and he also studied drawing with Adam Oeser. An unhappy love affair inspired Goethe's first play, DIE LAUNE DES VERLIEBTEN  (1767, The Lover's Caprice). After a period of illness, Goethe resumed his studies in Strasbourg (1770-71). Some biographers have speculated that Goethe had contracted syphilis – at least his relationships with women were years apart. Goethe practised law in Frankfurt (1771-72) and Wetzlar (1772). He contributed to Frankfurter Gelehrte Anzeigen (1772-73), and in 1774 he published his first novel, self-revelatory The Sorrows of Young Werther, in which he created the prototype of the Romantic hero, who wears blue coat and yellow breeches and commits suicide. The novel, written in the form of a series of letters, depicted the hopeless affair of a young man, Werther, with the beautiful Charlotte. In the end the melancholic Werther shoots himself in the head, after one brief moment of happiness with Charlotte, when she lets him kiss her. Goethe's model was Charlotte Buff, the fiancée of his friend, whom he had met in Wetzlar in 1772. William Thackeray attacked the cult of "Wertherism" in his verse: "Werther had a love for Charlotte, / Such as words could never utter, / Would you know how he first met her? / She was cutting bread and butter."

Goethe's youth was emotionally hectic to the point that he sometimes feared for his reason. He was recognized as a leading figure in the Sturm und Drang, which celebrated the energetic Promethean restlessness of spirit as opposed to the ideal of calm rationalism of the Enlightenment. Goethe's poem 'Prometheus', with its insistence that man must believe not in gods but in himself, might be seen as a motto for the whole movement. After a relaxing trip to Switzerland, Goethe made a decisive break with his past. In 1775 he was welcomed by Duke Karl August into the small court of Weimar, where he worked in several governmental offices. Occasionally he read aloud his texts to a selected group of persons – among them the Duke and the two Duchesses. To his disappointment a dog-trainer was also allowed to amuse in the court theatre.

"What you don't feel, you will not grasp by art,
Unless it wells out of your soul
And with sheer pleasure takes control,
Compelling every listener's heart.
But sit - and sit, and patch and knead,
Cook a ragout, reheat your hashes,
Blow at the sparks and try to breed
A fire out of piles of ashes!
Children and apes may think it great,
If that should titillate your gum,
But from heart to heart you will never create.
If from your heart it does not come."
(in Faust I)

In Weimar Goethe did not have much time to publish fiction. He was a council member and member of the war commission, director of roads and services, and managed the financial affairs of the court. Also Goethe's scientific researches were wide. He discovered the human intermaxilarry bone (1784), and formulated a vertebral theory of the skull. His idea of Urpflanze, the archetypal forms after which all other plants are patterned, has similarities with Plato's theory of eternal and changeless Forms. In general, Goethe's metaphysics and organic view of nature showed the influence of Spinoza.

During this period, his great love was Charlotte von Stein, an older married woman, but the relationship remained platonic. Eventually Goethe was released from day-to-day governmental duties to concentrate on writing, although he was still general supervisor for arts and sciences, and director of the court theatres. After Goethe's emotional dependence on Charlotte ended, he lived happily and unmarried with Christiane Vulpius, who became Goethe's mistress in 1789. In spite of public pressure, it was not until 1806 when they married.

In 1786-88 Goethe made a journey to Italy. "In Rome I have found myself for the first time," he wrote. He drew statues and ruins, collected antique and botanical samples, and was shocked by the primitive power of an ancient Greek temple – Renaissance art did not interest him. The journey ended Goethe's celibacy and inspired his play IPHIGENIE AUF TAURIS, and RÖMISHE ELEGIEN, sensuous poems relating partly to Christiane. The ancient monuments he saw in Italy significantly influenced his growing commitment to a classical view of art. "Three things are to be looked to in a building," Goethe later wrote in DER WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFTEN (1808, Elective Affinities), "that it stands on the right spot; that it be securely founded; that it be successfully executed."

In the 1790s Goethe contributed to Friedrich von Schiller´s journal Die Horen, published WILHELM MEISTERS LEHRJAHRE (Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship) in 1795-96, and continued his writings on the ideals of arts and literature in his own journal Propyläen. Wilhelm Meister's story had preoccupied the author for many years. Wilhelm, disillusioned by love, starts actively to seek out other values, and becomes an actor and playwright. Whereas Werther's life ended in despair, Meister has a more optimistic spirit. At the end he says: "... I know I have attained a happiness which I have not deserved, and which I would not change with anything in life." Wim Wenders and Peter Handke made in 1974 a modernized film adaptation of the book, Wrong Movement, in which Meister's journey has a sad, lonely note. "If only politics and poetry could be united," he says to his friend Laertes, who answers: "That would be the end of longing and the end of the world."

During the French Revolution Goethe reported in letters – sometimes written in the middle of cannon fire – to his family his inconveniences, complaining that he was forced to leave his home and dear garden after the French army attacked Prussia. He also saw killings and looted villages. Although Goethe supported freedom and progress, he wanted to preserve the bourgeois or his artistic-individualistic way of life. However, the majority of the German intelligentsia greeted with enthusiasm the goals of the revolution, including Kant, Schiller, and Friedrich Schlegel. As a response to the French Revolution Goethe wrote the epic poem HERMANN UND DOROTHEA (1797), which contrasts chaos and bourgeois harmony.

Faust is an alchemical drama from beginning to end, claims C.G. Jung. Goethe worked for most of his life on this masterwork. He started to compose Faust about the age of twenty-three, and finished the second part in 1832, just before his death. Many of its lines have passed into the proverbial wisdom  in Germany. The first English translation from Faust was published in the Monthly Review (1810), Shelley made translations of sections of the work in 1822, and Bayard Taylor's verse translation came out in 1870-71.

The original figure in the Faust legend was Gregorius Faustus (or Gregorius Sabellicus, Faustus Junior, c1480-1510/1), a seeker of forbidden knowledge. His true identity is not known, but he claimed to be an astrologer, expert in magic, and an alchemist. This legend attracted Christopher Marlowe, who offered in his play a psychological study of the battle between good and evil. Marlowe's drama ends with the protagonist's damnation. Goethe's story created a new persona for the Devil – Mephistopheles was a gentleman, who had adopted the manners of a courtier. Faust's lust for knowledge is limitless and he makes a contract with Mephistopheles: he will die at the moment he declares himself satisfied, if he should exclaim, "Stay, thou art so fair." When Werther believed that his passion for beauty is fulfilled in afterlife, Faust wants to enjoy his highest moment in this life.

In the first part, published in 1808, Faust seduces and loses Margaret (in German, Margarete, or its diminutive, Gretchen), an innocent girl, who is condemned to death for murdering her illegitimate child by Faust. She asks Faust, "Do you believe in God?", and he answers: "Does not the heaven vault above? / Is the earth not firmly based down here? / And do not, friendly, / Eternal stars arise? / Do we not look into each other's eyes, / And all in you is surging, / To your head and heart, / And weaves in timeless mystery, / Unseeable, yet seen, around you?"

In the philosophical second part Faust marries Helen of Troy and starts to create an ideal community. Harold Bloom has said in The Western Canon (1994), that the monstrously complex poem is a "scandalous pleasure for the exuberant reader, but it is also a trap, a Maphistophelean abyss in which you will never touch bottom." Without knowing that his plans have failed, the blind Faust is finally satisfied. However, Mephistopheles loses his victory, when angels take Faust to heaven.  Faust versions: Gotthold Lessing's (1729-1781) lost play Faust, Don Juan/Don Giovanni (perhaps best known from the Opera by Lorenzo Ponte and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart), Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorothy L. Sayers's play The Devil to Pay (1939), Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus (1947).  Film adaptations: 1909, dir.  Edwin S. Porter; 1911, Bill Bumper's Bargain, starring Francis X. Bushman, Harry Cashman, Dolores Cassinelli; 1922, dir.  Gérard Bourgeois; 1926, dir.  F.W. Murnau, starring Gösta Ekman, Emil Jannings, Camilla Horn; 1941, All That Money Can Buy , dir.  William Dieterle, based on Stephen Vincent Benét work; 1948, La Leggenda di Faust, dir. Carmine Gallone, starring Italo Tajo, Nelly Corradi, Gino Mattera; 1949, La Beauté du Diable, dir. René Clair; 1957, Faustina, dir.  José Luis Sáenz de Heredia, starring María Félix, Juan de Landa; 1960, dir. Peter Gorski, starring Will Quadflieg, Gustaf Gründgens, Ella Büchi; 1964, Mi alma por un amor, dir. Rafael Baledón, starring Enrique Guzmán, Angélica María, Manolo Muñoz; 1970, Genius, dir.  Gregory J. Markopoulos; 1988, dir.  Dieter Dorn, starring Helmut Griem, Romuald Pekny, Sunnyi Melles; 1994, dir. Jan Svankmajer, starring Petr Cepek; 2002, 666 - Traue keinem, mit dem Du schläfst!, dir. by Rainer Matsutani, starring Jan Josef Liefers, Armin Rohde.  Opera: Gounod's Faust (1859), Buïto's Mefistotele (1866), Berlioz's La Damnation de Faust (1893), Busoni's Doktor Faust (1925).  Animation: 1994, dir. Jan Svankmaijer.

From 1791 to 1817 Goethe was the director of the court theatres. He advised Duke Carl August on mining and Jena University, which for a short time attracted the most prominent figures in German philosophy, including Hegel and Fichte. In 1812 Goethe met the famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven in Teplitz. Beethoven had admired Goethe already in his youth, although he considered Goethe's attitude toward the nobility too servile. Beethoven composed several music pieces based on the author's texts, among them Egmont. Franz Schubert's (1797-1828) first Lieder masterpiece, 'Gretchen am Spinnrade', took the words from Faust, but Goethe did not much appreciate Schubert's musical achievements.

Goethe remained creative during his last period. He edited Kunst and Altertum (1816-32) and Zur Naturwissenschaft (1817-24), wrote his autobiography, AUS MEINEM LEBEN. DICHTUNG UND WAHRHEIT (1811-1833, Poetry and Truth), and completed the novel WILHELM MEISTERS WANDERJAHRE (1821-9). Thomas Carlyle translated the Wilhelm Meister novels into English, but they deviate from the original. He called Goethe "the Wisest of our Time" but he also said of the Apprenticeship that there "are touches of the very highest, most ethereal genius in it; but diluted with floods of insipidity." 

Interested in visual arts throughout his life, Goethe published a large volume on the theory of color, which he considered one of his major achievements. In ZUR FARBENLEHRE (1810) Goethe attacked Newton on methodological grounds. He rejected mathematical approach in the treatment of color, and argued that light, shade and color are associated with the emotional experience – "every color produces a distinct impression on the mind, and thus addresses at once the eye and feelings".

At the age of 74 Goethe fell in love with the 19-year old Ulrike von Levetzow. He followed her with high hopes from Marienbad to Karlsbad, and then returned disappointed to Weimar. There he wrote The Marienbad elegy, the most personal poem of his later years. Goethe died in Weimar on March 22, 1832. He and Schiller, who died over a quarter of a century earlier, are buried together, in a mausoleum in the ducal cemetery. The Goethe House and Schiller House stand in the town, and the two statues of these literary giants are outside the National Theatre.

For further reading: Goethe: The Poet and the Age. Vol. II. by Nicholas Boyle (2000); Unterirdische Gänge. Goethe, Freimaurerei und Politik by W. Daniel Wilson (1999); Das Goethe-Tabu by W. Daniel Wilson (1999); Christiane un Goethe by Sigrid Damm (1999); Goethes "Werther": Kritik und Forschung by Peter Hans Herrmann (1994); Goethe: The Poet and the Age. Vol. I. by Nicholas Boyle (1991); Wilhelm Meister: Das Ende der Kunst und die Wiederkehr des Mythos by Hannelore Schlaffer (1989); "The Sorrows of Young Werther" by Martin Swales (1987); Goethe's Faust: A Critical Reading by L. Dieckmann (1972); Goethe's Novels by Hans Reiss (1969); Goethe's "Die Wahlverwandtschaften": A Literary Interpretation by Harry George Barnes (1967); Goethe: A Critical Introduction by H. Hatfield (1963); Goethe: A Psychoanalytic Study by Kurt Eissler (1963); Goethe-Bibliographie (1955-, serial); Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister" by Karl Schlechta (1953); Goethe, The History of a Man, 1749-1832 by E.Ludwig (1928); The Life and Works of Goethe by G.H. Lewes (1855); Gespräche mit Goethe by Johann Eckermann (1836) - Museums: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's House (Goethehaus), Am Frauenplan 1. Goethe lived there for fifty years.  Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Summerhouse, im Park an der Ilm. Goethe started there Iphigènie. In Weimar is a copy of Goethe's Gartenhaus; also the furniture and other details follow the original. - Suomeksi on julkaistu mm. kaksi laitosta Valittuja teoksia, ensimmäinen 1932 (8 osaa) ja toinen 1956 (3 osaa) sekä Goethen elämäkerta V.A. Koskenniemen kirjoittamana.

Selected works:

• ANNETTE, 1767
• DIE LAUNE DES VERLIEBTEN, 1767
  - The Lover's Caprice (tr. Martha Ridgway Bannan, 1899)
• SATYROS, 1770
• NEUES LIEDER, 1770
• VON DEUTSCHER BAUKUNST, 1773
• GÖTZ VON BERLICHINGEN MIT DER EISERNEN HAND, 1773
  - Goetz von Berlichingen (tr.  Sir Walter Scott, 1799) / Ironhand (adapted by John Arden, 1965) / Götz von Berlichingen; a Play (tr.  Charles E. Passage, 1965) / Götz von Berlichingen with the Iron Hand (tr. Robert Dierlam, in Tragedy: Ten Major Plays, 1969)
  - Götz von Berlichingen, rautakäsi (suom. Antti Räihä, 1899; J.A.Hollo, 1923)
  - Films: 1925, dir.  Gérard Bourgeois, starring Eugen Klöpfer; 1955, dir.  Alfred Stögery, starring Ewald Balser; 1979, dir.  Wolfgang Liebeneiner, starring Raimund Harmstorf
• GÖTTER, HELDEN UND WIELAND, 1774
• CLAVIGO, 1774
  - Clavigo (tr. anon., 1798; E.A. Bowring (?), in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. X, 1901) 
  - Film 1988, dir.  Eusebio Poncela, starring Michael Maertens
• DIE LEIDEN DES JUNGEN WERTHERS, 1774
  - The Sorrows of Werter (tr.  Daniel Malthus, 1779) / The Sorrows and Sympathetic Attachments of Werter,  A German Story  (tr. 1784) / Werter and Charlotte, A German Story  (tr. 1786) / The Sorrows of Werter. A German Story (tr. 1790) / The Sorrows of Werther (tr. William Render, 1801) / The Sorrows of Werter: A German Story (a new and improved translation, 1814)  / The Sorrows of Young Werther (tr. Victor Lange, 1949; R. D. Boylan, in Novels and Tales by Goethe, 1901; Catherine Hutter, 1962; Elizabeth Mayer and Louise Bogan, 1971; Victor Lange and Judith Ryan, 1988; Michael Hulse, 1989; Burton Pike, 2004)  /   The Sufferings of Young Werther (tr. Bayard Quincy Morgan, 1957; Harry Steinhauer, 1970)
  - Nuoren Wertherin kärsimykset (suom. Volter Kilpi, 1904; Markku Mannila, 1992)
  - Films: 1922, Werther, dir. by Germaine Dulac; 1938, Werther, dir.  Max Ophüls, starring Pierre Richard-Willm; 1949, Begegnung mit Werther, dir.  Karl-Heinz Stroux, starring Horst Caspar; 1976, dir. Egon Günther; 1986, dir. by Pilar Miró, starring Eusebio Poncela;1990, Werther, dir. Håkan Alexandersson, starring Peter Sjöquist; 2004, Stradaniya yunogo Wertera, dir. Esther Schaer, starring Roman Sviridenko
• CLAUDINE VON VILLA BELLA, 1776
• STELLA, 1776
  - Stella (tr. anon., 1798; Robert M. Browning and Frank Ryder, in Goethe's Collected Works, Vol. VII, 1988)
• DIE GESCHWISTER, 1776
  - Brother and Sister (tr. Frank Ryder, in Early Verse Drama and Prose Plays, 1988)
  - Sisarukset: näytelmä yhdessä näytöksessä (suom. F. W. R-n, 2. p. 1876)
• IPHIGENIE AUF TAURIS, 1779 / 1787
  - Iphigenia in Tauris (tr.  William Taylor, 1793; John Prudhoe, 1966; Anna Swanwick, in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. VI, 1901; Elizabeth D. Dowden, 1906; Sidney E. Kaplan, 1953; Bayard Quincy Morgan, 1954; Charles E. Passage, 1963; John Prudhoe, 1966 )
  - Iphigeneia Tauriissa: viisi-näytöksinen näytelmä (suom. Eino Leino, 1910)
• DIE FISCHERIN, 1782
• DER TRIUMPH DER EMPFINDSAMKEIT, 1787
• EGMONT, 1788
  - Egmont (tr. anon., 1841; Anna Swanwick, 1901; Michael Hamburger, in The Classic Theatre, Vol. 2, 1959; F.J. Lamport, in Five German Tragedies, 1969; Willard R. Trask, 1960; Theodore H. Lustig, in Classical German Drama, 1963; F.J. Lamport, in Five German Tragedies, 1969; Pierre and Lotte Conlon, 1976; Charles E. Passage, 1984)
  - Egmont: viisinäytöksinen murhenäytelmä (suom. Antti Räihä, 1896; J.A.Hollo, 1923)
• RÖMISHE ELEGIEN, 1790
  -  Roman Elegies (tr. David Luke, 1977) / Roman Elegies and Other Poems (tr. Michael Hamburger, in Collected Works, Vol. 1, 1983)
  - Roomalaisia elegioita: saksaksi ja suomeksi (suomentanut ja toimittanut Teivas Oksala, 1997)
• FAUST, EIN FRAGMENT, 1790 (also in SCHRIFTEN, BAND 7, 1790)
• VERSUCH, DIE METAMORPHOSE DER PFLANZEN ZU ERKLÄREN, 1790
  - Goethe’s Botany; the Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) and Tobler’s Ode to Nature (1782) (tr. Agnes Arber, 1946) / Goethe's Botanical Writings (tr. Bertha Mueller, 1952) / The Metamorphosis of Plants (tr. Emily M. Cox, 1863, rev. by Anne E. Marshall and Heinz Grotzke; introduction by Rudolf Steiner, 1974)
  - Kasvin muodonmuutos (suomennos: Kari Järvinen, Päivi Suokas, 2000)
• TORQUATO TASSO, 1790 (see the myth that Tasso was imprisoned because of his love for Duke Alfonso's sister Leonoro)
  - Torquato Tasso (tr. Charles des Voeux, 1827; Anna Swanwick, in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. VI, 1901; Charles E. Passage, 1966; John Prudhoe, 1979; Michael Hamburger, 1987;  Robert David MacDonald, 1994)
  - Torquato Tasso (suom. Juhani Siljo, 1913)
• BEYTRÄGE ZUR OPTIK, 1791
• DER BÜRGERGENERAL, 1793
• REINEKE FUCHS, 1794
  - Reynard the Fox (tr. John Storer Cobb, 1899; Thomas James Arnold, in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. X, 1901; Clifton Johnson, 1924) / The Story of Reynard the Fox (tr. Thomas James Arnold, illustrations by Fritz Eichenberg, 1954)
  - Film 1930, Le Roman de Renard, dir.  Irene Starewicz, Wladyslaw Starewicz
• UNTERHALTUNGEN DEUTSCHER AUSGEWANDERTER, 1795 (includes DAS MÄRCHEN)
  - The Parable (tr. Alice Raphael, 1963) / Goethe's 'Das Märchen': Translation and Analysis (tr. Waltaud Bartscht, 1972) / The Tale of Fair Lily and the Green Serpent (tr. Alice Raphael, 1974) / Conversations of German Refugees (ed. Victor Lange, tr. Krishna Winston, in The Collected Works, Vol. 10, 1989) / Fairy Tale, the Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily (tr. Julius E. Heuscher, 2006)
  - Taru käärmeestä ja liljasta (suom. Aila Meriluoto, 1982)
• PHYSIOGNOMISCHE FRAGMENTE, 1775-78
• WILHELM MEISTERS LEHRJAHRE, 1796
  - Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (tr. Thomas Carlyle, 1824; R. Dillon Boylan, 1900; Eric A. Blackall and Victor Lange, 1989) / Wilhelm Meister: Apprenticeship and Travels (2 vols., tr. R.O. Moon, 1947) / Wilhelm Meister (Vols 1-3: Wilhelm Meister's Year's of Apprenticeship, tr. H.M. Waidson, 1977-1980)
  - Wilhelm Meisterin oppivuodet (suom. 1923)  
  - Film 1974, Falsche Bewegung/Wrong Movement, dir.  Wim Wenders, screrenplay by Peter Handke, starring Rüdiger Vogler, Hanna Schygulla, Hans Christian Blech, Peter Kern
• HERMANN UND DOROTHEA, 1798
  - Herman and Dorothea (tr.  Thomas Holcroft, 1805; Edgar Alfred Bowring, in The Poems of Goethe, 1900; Ellen Frothingham, 1910; George F. Timpson, 1950; Daniel Coogan, 1966; David Luke, in Collected Works, Vol. 8, 1987)
  - Hermann ja Dorothea (suom. Valter Juva, 1916; Otto Manninen, 1929)
• MAHOMET, 1802 (tr. from Voltaire's work)
• TANCRET, 1802 (tr. from Voltaire's work)
• DIE NATÜRLICHE TOCHTER, 1804
  - The Natural Daughter (ed.  Victor Lange, tr. Hunter Hannum, in The Collected Works, Vol. 8, 1987)
• WINKELMAN UND SEIN JAHRHUNDERT, 1805 (editor)
• FAUST: DER TRAGÖDIE ERSTER TEIL, 1808
  -  Faust (fragments, tr. Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1822) / Faust: A Drama by Goethe (tr. Francis Leveson Gower, 1823) / Faust: A Dramatic Poem (tr. Abraham Hayward, 1833; Anna Swanwick, 19-?) / Faust: A Tragedy (tr. Charles T. Brooks, 1856; Bayard Taylor, 1870-71) / The Tragedy of Faust (tr. Anna Swanwick, 1901) / Goethe’s Faust. Part I (tr.  Albert G. Latham, 1902) / Faust: A Dramatic Mystery (tr. John Anster, 1903) / Faust. Part I (tr. Abraham Hayward, 1908) / The Tragedy of Faustus: The First Part (tr. in the original rhyme and metre by Alfred Henry Huth, the second edition, revised, 1912) / Faust, Part  One (tr. G.M. Cookson, in The Permanent Goethe, ed. Thomas Mann, 1948) / Faust, Part One (tr. Philip Wayne, 1949; C.F. MacIntyre, in Treasury of the Theatre, Vol. 1, 1951) / Faust (tr.  Stuart Atkins, 1962; Bayard Quincy Morgan, 1954; David Luke, 1987-94)  / Goethe's Faust, Parts I and II, an Abridged Version (tr. Louis MacNeice, 1952) / Goethe's Faust (tr. Barker Fairley, 1970) / Faust I & II (edited and translated by Stuart Atkins, 1984) / Dr. Henry Faust: The Tragedy's First and Second Parts (tr. John A. Roth, 1988) / Faust: Parts One and Two (tr. Philip Wayne, 1990)  / Faust: A Tragedy: Part 1 (tr. Martin Greenberg, 1992)/ Faust, 1833. Part I (tr. Abraham Hayward, introduction by Jonathan Wordswworth, 1993) / Faust: Parts I & II (a new version by Howard Brenton; from a literal translation by Christa Weisman, 1995)
  - Faust I (suom. Kaarlo Forsman, 1884; Valter Juva, 1916; Otto Manninen, 1936; Esko Elstelä, 1969; Faust I-II: Eila Kivikk'aho, 1985)
• DER WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFTEN, 1809
  - Elective Affinities (tr. by  R. Dillon Boylan, 1854; Elizabeth Mayer and Louise Bogan, 1963; Judith Ryan, 1988;   R. J. Hollingdale, 1971; David Constantine, 1994) / Kindred by Choice (tr. H.M. Waidson, 1960; J. Calder, 1976)
  - Vaaliheimolaiset (suom. J.A. Hollo, 1923)
  - Films: 1974, dir.  Siegfried Kühn, screenplay by Christel Gräf; 1986, Tarot, dir.  Rudolf Thome, screenplay by Max Zihlmann; 1996, Le Affinità elettive, dir.  Paolo Taviani & Vittorio Taviani, starring Isabelle Huppert, Fabrizio Bentivoglio, Jean-Hugues Anglade, Marie Gillain
• ZUR FARBENLEHRE, 1810 (2 vols.)
  - Goethe's Theory of Colors (tr. Charles Lock Eastlake, 1840) / Goethe's Approach to Colour (tr. Eleanor C. Merry, 1958) / Goethe's Color Theory (ed. Rupprecht Matthaei, tr. Herb Aach, 1971
• AUS MEINEM LEBEN. DICHTUNG UND WAHRHEIT, 1811-33
  - Memoirs of Goethe: Written by Himself (tr. anon., 1824) / Truth and Poetry: from My Own Life; or, The Autobiography of Goethe (tr. Parke Godwin et al., 1846-47) /  The Auto-Biography of Goethe. Truth and Poetry: From My Own Life (tr.  John Oxenford, 1848-49)  / Goethe’s Autobiography: Poetry and Truth from My Life (tr.  R.O. Moon, 1932) / From My Life (2 vols., edited by Thomas P. Saine and Jeffrey L. Sammons, 1987)
  - Tarua ja totta elämästäni (suom. J.A. Hollo, 1924-25)
• DAS EPIMENIDES ERWACHEN, 1815
• ÜBER KUNST UND ALTERTUM, 1816-32
• ZUR NATURWISSENSCHAFT ÜBERHAUPT, BESONDERS ZUR MORPHOLOGIE, 1817-24
  - Scientific Studies (ed. and tr. Douglas Miller, in Goethe's Collected Works, Vol. 12, 1988)
• ITALIANISCHE REISE I-II, 1816-17
  - Goethe's Travels in Italy (tr.  A.J.W. Morrison and Charles Nisbet, 1883) / Italian Journey (tr.  W.H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer, 1962; Robert R. Heitner, 1994)  / The Flight to Italy: Diary and Selected Letters (ed. and tr. T.J. Reed, 1999)
  - Italian matka päiväkirjoineen (suom. Sinikka Kallio, 1992)
• WEST-ÖSTLICHER DIVAN, 1819
  - West-Easterly Divan (tr. John Weiss, 1877) / West-Eastern Divan (tr. J. Edward Dowden, 1913; Whaley, 1974; Alex Page, 1975)
• WILHELM MEISTERS WANDERJAHRE, ODER, DIE ENTSAGENDEN, 1821
  - Wilhelm Meister's Travels (tr. Thomas Carlyle, in German Romance, 1827) / Wilhelm Meister: Apprenticeship and Travels (2 vols., tr. R.O. Moon, 1947) / Wilhelm Meister (Vols 4-6: Wilhelm Meister's Years of Travel, or The Renunciants, tr. H.M. Waidson, 1980-1982) / Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years, or The Renunciants (tr. Krishna Winston, in The Collected Works, Vol 10, ed.  Victor Lange, 1989)
• AUSGABE LETZTER HAND, 1828 (includes NOVELLE)
  - Novella (tr.  Victor Lange, in The Collected Works, Vol. 11, 1987)
  - Film 1976, Novelle, dir.  Katja Georgi
• ANNALEN, 1830
• FAUST: DER TRAGÖDIE ZWEITER TEIL, 1832
  - Goethe’s Faust, Part II (tr.  Leopold J. Bernays, 1839)  / Goethe's Faust. In two parts (tr. Anna Swanwick, in Goethe's Works, Vol. III, 1900) / The Tragedy of Faust. Part II (tr. Anna Swanwick, in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. IX, 1901) Faust: A Tragedy. The Second Part (tr. Bayard Taylor, 1906)  / Goethe’s Faust. Parts  II (tr.  Albert G. Latham, 1908) / Poem Faust (tr. Philip Wayne, 1949-59; David Luke, 1987-94) / Goethe's Faust, Parts I and II, An Abridged Version (tr. Louis MacNeice, 1952) / Faust I & II (edited and translated by Stuart Atkins, 1984) / Dr. Henry Faust: The Tragedy's First and Second Parts (tr. John A. Roth, 1988)/ Faust: Parts One and Two (tr. Philip Wayne, 1990) / Faust: Parts I & II (a new version by Howard Brenton; from a literal translation by Christa Weisman, 1995)
  - Faust II (suom. Otto Manninen, 1934; Faust I-II: Eila Kivikk'aho, 1985)
• NACHGELASSENE SCHRIFTEN, 1832-33
• GESPRÄCHE MIT GOETHE, 1836-1848 (3 vols.)  
  - Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret (tr. John Oxenford, 1850) / Conversations of Goethe with Johann Peter Eckermann (tr.  John Oxenford, 1930) / Conversations with Goethe (tr.  Gisela C. O’Brien, 1964)
• Essays on Art, 1845 (tr. Samuel Gray Ward)
• BRIEFE UND AUFSÄTZE VON GOETHE, AUS DEN JAHREN 1766 BIS 1786, 1846 (ed.  A. Schöll)
• GOETHES FAUST IN URSPRÜNGLICHER GESTALT, 1887 (ed.  Erich Schmidt)
  -  Goethe's Urfaust (tr. Mary Prentice Lillie, in Grist 3, no. 4, 1927) / The Urfaust (tr. Douglas M. Scott, 1958)  / "Urfaust"; Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s Faust in Its Original Version (ed.  R. H. Samuel, 1967) / The 'Urfaust' (tr. Charles E. Passage, in Goethe's Plays, 1980)  / From the 'Urfaust', c. 1774 (tr.  David Luke, in Selected Poetry of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1999)
• WILHELM MEISTERS THEATRALISCHE SENDUNG, 1911
  - Wilhelm Meister's Theatrical Mission (tr.  Gregory A. Page, introduction by H. Mayne, 1913)  / Wilhelm Meister’s Theatrical Calling (tr.  John R. Russell, 1995)
• AUFSÄTZE ZUR KULTUR-, THEATER- UND LITERATUR-GESCHICHTE: MAXIMEN, REFLEXIONEN, 1913-14 (2 vols.)
  - The Maxims and Reflections of Goethe (tr. Bailey Saunders, 1906) /  Maximen und Reflexionen (ed. and tr. R.H. Stephenson, 1983)
• Literary Essays, 1921 (ed.  J.E. Spingarn)
• SCHRIFTEN ZUR LITERATUR, 1970-82 (7 vols.)
• Goethe on Art, 1980 (ed. and tr. John Gage)
• Collected works editions: WERKE (143 vols., 1887-1919); WORKS (14 vols., ed.  Nathan Haskell Dole, 1902); WERKE (14 vols., ed.  Erich Trunz et. al., 1948-64); GEDENKAUSGABE DER WERKE, BRIEFE UND GESPRÄCHE (27 vols., ed.  Ernst Beutler, 1948-71); GOETHE'S COLLECTED WORKS (12 vols., ed.  Victor Lange et al., tr.  Michal Hamburger et al., 1983-89); SÄMTLICHE WERKE  in progress, ed.  Karl Richter et al., 1986-)